Yonago Acta medica 2009;52:11–20
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd Edition (WAIS-III): Usefulness in the Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease
Yukihiro Izawa*†‡, Katsuya Urakami§#, Tomoyuki Kojima¶** and Eisaku Ohama*
Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8504, †Clinic of Rehabilitation, Okayama Rehabilitation Hospital, Okayama 703-8272, ‡Clinic of Rehabilitation, Hakuai Hospital, Yonago 683-0853, §Depart-ment of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, #Clinic of Neurology, Shinsei Hospital, Kurayoshi 682-0017, ¶Ichikawa Con-sultancy for Higher Brain Dysfunction, Ichikawa 272-0023 and **Sendai Medical and Welfare Vocational College, Sendai 980-0023 Japan
We examined Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients using a Japanese version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd Edition (JWAIS-III) to clarify i) the significance of expansion of the indicated age range, ii) the characteristics of cognitive impairment in AD patients and iii) the efficacy of th neuropsychological assessment for the early detection of AD using the Digit Symbol subtest, which involves attention and episodic memory, and the Pairing supplementa-ry test, which relates to digit symbol-incidental learning. The JWAIS-III was given to 43 AD patients (12 males and 31 females; mean age, 80.9 ± 6.3 years, who fulfilled the diagnostic cri-teria for AD on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) and the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association. Severity of dementia of the patients was classified according to Functional Assessment Staging (F) as follows: 9 patients in F3 (borderline), 15 in F4 (mild AD), 12 in F5 (moderate AD), 7 in F6 (somewhat severe AD) and none in F7 (severe AD). i) Mean intelligence quotients (IQs) were: Full Scale IQ 84.3 ± 14.0, Verbal IQ 84.6 ± 12.5 and Performance IQ 86.9 ± 15.5. Comparison of IQs and subtest scores of the patients aged 75 years or older assessed by standard scores for 70 to 74 years of age, which is the upper limit of the indicated age range on the WAIS-R (the previous version of the WAIS-III), with those assessed by the standard scores for the appropriate age revealed that the former were significantly lower in IQ and all subtest scores. ii) Significant differ-ences were noted among the severities of dementia in the scores of 7 subtests for Similarities, Comprehension, Arithmetic, Digit Span, Letter-Number Sequencing, Digit Symbol and Sym-bol Search. iii) When both the Digit Symbol subtest scores of 7 points or more and the Digit Sumbol-Pairing supplementary test scores exceeding 10% of the cumulative percentile were regarded as normal, 11 of 15 (73.3%) patients in F4 (mild AD) could be detected. These find-ings suggest that i) expansion of the indicated age range in the WAIS-III allows a more valid assessment of cognitive function in AD patients, ii) a marked decline in abstract thinking and verbal problem-solving ability and relative preservation of Perceptual organization are char-acteristics of cognitive impairment in AD patients and iii) a combination of the Digit Symbol subtest with the Pairing supplementary test is useful for the early detection of AD.
Key words: Alzheimer’s disease; Digit Symbol; Pairing; screening test for dementia; Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
